Cg Garage

Computer graphics pioneer Ken Perlin invented Perlin noise, a foundational tool used in nearly every area of computer graphics. In this episode of CG Garage, Ken shares his unique journey, starting with a childhood love for both art and mathematics. He recounts how his early work on the film Tron inspired him to invent Perlin noise and the foundational concepts of shaders, a breakthrough that laid the groundwork for modern GPUs and the photorealistic visuals we see today. His presentation of this work at SIGGRAPH in 1984 directly influenced companies like Pixar and permanently altered the landscape of visual effects. The conversation extends beyond historical innovation to a compelling discussion about the future. Perlin draws a sharp distinction between VR and XR, predicting that true mass adoption of immersive technology will only happen when devices become socially invisible, much like the iPhone's impact on personal communication. He posits that the future of technology is not about escaping reality but e

This week, we sit down with acclaimed cinematographer Autumn Durald Arkapaw, the first woman ever to shoot on IMAX for the film Sinner. She discusses her unique journey into filmmaking, including her work in 16mm on The Last Showgirl and her credits on major studio projects like Black Panther: Wakanda Forever and Marvel’s Loki. Autumn highlights the vital importance of finding a creative community and emphasizes how her career has been built on trust and collaboration with fellow artists. Autumn also dives deep into the dynamic (and sometimes frustrating) relationship between cinematographers and visual effects artists. Using her experience on Sinner as a prime example, she advocates for a more collaborative approach, stressing the need for on-set decisions and in-camera solutions to create more authentic and emotionally resonant images. The conversation is a masterclass in filmmaking, exploring everything from the subtle power of light and shadow to her experience as the first woman to shoot on IMAX for a na

Episode 515 marks the very first CG Garage Podcast episode under the Monstrous Moonshine banner, and it’s a big reset moment. Chris is joined by longtime collaborator Daniel Thron and new producer/coordinator Lily Nichols to introduce this new chapter. Together, they reflect on the origins of the Monstrous Moonshine name, its ties to both 1970s cinema and mathematics, and why it represents the kind of creative synchronicity they want to bring into filmmaking. They also talk openly about the transition from Chaos, where the podcast began 11 years ago, and what this move means for the future of the show. The discussion quickly moves into the state of the movie industry today, with the group debating whether Hollywood is on the brink of another “New Hollywood” moment like the late 1960s. They examine the rise of bold new films such as Everything Everywhere All at Once, Spider-Verse, K-Pop Demon Hunters, and Godzilla Minus One, contrasting them with the fatigue of endless franchises. The conversation also tackles

This episode marks the final CG Garage podcast under the Chaos umbrella. The next chapter of the show will launch under a new banner, continuing the conversations that explore the art, craft, and future of filmmaking. Armen Kevorkian joins Chris to reflect on his long career in visual effects, from his early start as an intern on Star Trek: Voyager and Deep Space Nine to becoming the president of Ingenuity Studios. He shares how mentorship in those formative years at Paramount shaped his career, his transition into supervising on shows like Invasion and The Flash, and the evolution of VFX in broadcast television, where tight deadlines and experimental techniques pushed his teams to innovate. Armen recalls being part of television milestones like scanning actors for digital doubles for the first time and watching the rise of superhero shows that paved the way for streaming-era ambitions. The conversation dives into how the industry has shifted in the past 20 years, from the challenges of working through COVID

At SIGGRAPH 2025, Chaos unveils major updates to Vantage and Arena that significantly expand real-time ray tracing workflows. Product managers Simeon Balabanov and Georgi Zhekov join Chris to break down the new capabilities, including native USD and MaterialX support, Gaussian splats with ray-traced lighting, volumetric caches, and a streamlined pipeline that keeps the same asset across previs, virtual production, and post. This episode arrives just in time for SIGGRAPH, where these features are being officially announced, giving listeners an early look at what will be showcased in Vancouver. The conversation dives into key production tools like mimic lights for realistic set illumination, in-volume color correction, real-time depth of field, and live lighting adjustments. Simeon and Georgi explain how these innovations reduce conversion work, improve on-set flexibility, and allow for advanced asset previews even from a home studio using Vantage with camera tracking. They also highlight new camera tracking pr

In this episode, Chris chats with Susan O’Neal, a long-time force in the visual effects industry, about her remarkable career journey and insights into the evolving VFX world. Susan recounts starting as employee #24 at Digital Domain in the early ’90s, working on landmark projects like Titanic, and moving through various studios such as Lightstorm, A52, CIS, Zoic, and Riot. Along the way, she wore many hats, from operations to production, before pivoting to recruiting, where she found her niche connecting talent with opportunity while balancing her family life. Susan shares candid stories about the early days of VFX, the quirky culture at DD, and how she transitioned into recruiting and coaching. She and Chris discuss how the industry has changed with remote work, tax incentives, and the rise of AI and virtual production. Susan also offers practical advice for creative professionals on LinkedIn best practices, career resilience, and staying adaptable in uncertain times. This episode is a thoughtful reflection

VFX veterans Chad Wanstreet and Allan McKay join Chris to talk about their new startup, Version Zero, a company aimed at automating the mundane tasks that bog down visual effects work. Born out of years of frustration with tedious jobs like roto, paint, plate cleanup, and matchmove, Version Zero helps artists and studios save time and focus on the creative parts of production. Chad and Allan share the origin story of the company, which started over Thanksgiving wine and coffee, and explain how their tools are already being used on shows like The Sympathizer and SWAT. The conversation dives into how Version Zero works, how it differs from other AI-driven tools, and why they have resisted VC funding to stay focused and practical. Chris, Chad, and Allan debate the future of entry-level VFX jobs, the rise of the empowered generalist, and how AI can enable artistry rather than replace it. They also reflect on the resistance to new technology in the industry, the “false economy” of outsourcing, and the importance o

We’re trying something new this week and taking a break from the usual interview format. This episode kicks off a roundtable discussion format that we plan to revisit every few months. Chris is joined in person by Daniel Thron and James Blevins, both CG Garage podcast veterans, for a relaxed but sharp conversation about recent events in technology and the movie industry. The group starts with James Cameron’s bold claim that he wants to use AI to cut costs without laying anyone off, and whether that’s even realistic in today’s production model. They also discuss MUBI, a platform well known for championing indie films, and why its $1 billion valuation signals a shift in what audiences and investors are willing to support. From the box office surprise of Sinners to the decline of risk-taking in studio films, it’s a wide-ranging talk about where things are going and how we might all adapt.

Marti Romances, co-founder and creative director of Territory Studio, joins the podcast to share his journey from designing DVD menus in Spain to creating iconic futuristic interfaces for blockbuster films like Prometheus, The Martian, Guardians of the Galaxy, and Captain America: The Winter Soldier. With roots in multimedia and motion graphics, Marti explains how his early passion for architectural drawings and spatial design naturally evolved into a unique approach to interface aesthetics. His breakthrough came when he moved to the UK and joined Activision, eventually landing at the nascent Territory Studio, where he helped define a new visual language for storytelling through motion design in narrative media. In this episode, we dive into how sci-fi interfaces not only serve narrative functions on screen but often inspire real-world technology—from heads-up displays to augmented reality systems. Marti discusses the balance between realism and imagination in interface design, the transition from on-set grap

Michael Ralla joins the podcast to share his journey through the world of visual effects, with a focus on his latest project as VFX Supervisor on the film Sinners. He discusses how he worked closely with cinematographer Autumn Durald Arkapaw, whose fearless approach to lighting and darkness pushed the creative envelope. The episode features a deep conversation about the differences between film and digital, the evolving language of color, and how these choices impact storytelling—insights that are especially relevant to the visual style of Sinners. Michael also opens up about his unconventional path into VFX, from his early ambitions as a heavy metal drummer to finding his footing in sound engineering, and ultimately discovering his passion for compositing. He reflects on his formative years at Scanline, learning the ropes through hands-on experience, and how that foundation led him to major studios like Digital Domain and ILM. Throughout the episode, Michael’s candid perspective offers a rare look at the cha

Jess Loren, CEO and co-founder of Global Objects, joins us for a wide-ranging conversation about the future of immersive content and the creative tech reshaping the industry. A force to be reckoned with, Jess has a sharp pulse on where things are headed, and she doesn't hold back when discussing the current state of Hollywood. She talks candidly about the challenges studios and creators face today, and how technology like digital scanning, virtual production, and Gaussian splats can embolden independent filmmakers. Jess also shares insight into how she builds meaningful partnerships across art, tech, and media. Her business and life partner, Erick Geisler, appeared back in episode 483, and together they’ve helped position Global Objects at the intersection of innovation and storytelling. In this episode, Jess dives into her own journey as an entrepreneur and explains how she identifies trends before they break, working with brands, creators, and studios to help them stay ahead. Whether you're building pipelin

Johnson Yan, a trailblazer in real-time 3D graphics, joins the podcast to recount his remarkable journey from the earliest days of computer graphics and flight simulation. Starting in the late 1970s, Johnson tackled fundamental challenges like texture mapping, anti-aliasing, translucency, and scalability, long before today's GPU technology emerged. He shares insights into his pioneering work at Singer-Link, where he developed flight simulators utilizing vector graphics and early raster technology, laying the groundwork for both military training and future advancements in real-time visualization. In this episode, Johnson also discusses his transition into the commercial sector, detailing his impactful roles at companies like Sun Microsystems and Oak Technology. He explores his efforts to develop affordable 3D graphics chips, significantly enhancing consumer PCs' capabilities. Reflecting on industry milestones such as the rise of NVIDIA, the evolution from rasterization to ray tracing, and the integration of A

Sebastian Sylwan has a wealth of experience, having been CTO at Weta Digital, Scanline, and Felix & Paul Studios, as well as Director of Technology at Digital Domain. He’s spent his career at the intersection of art and technology, helping world-class teams push the boundaries of visual effects, immersive media, and real-time workflows. In this episode, he reflects on the challenges of innovating in production environments—where the pressure to deliver can often stifle meaningful experimentation—and offers a thoughtful look at how our industry might evolve if we rethink our relationship with technology. We talk about what it means to be truly innovative, how to design systems that scale while still empowering artists, and why creative industries so often fall into patterns of short-term thinking. Sebastian also shares some candid thoughts on how leadership, culture, and communication play a critical role in making or breaking new ideas. If you’ve ever struggled to bring a great tool or pipeline into a leg

Scott Ross, legendary VFX executive and co-founder of Digital Domain, joins the podcast for an unfiltered conversation about the state of the film industry and the visual effects business. With decades of experience and a reputation for telling it like it is, Scott digs into the systemic challenges facing Hollywood—from broken economic models in studio filmmaking to the relentless pressure on VFX vendors. He reflects on his time building Digital Domain alongside James Cameron and shares insights from his new book, UPSTART: The Digital Film Revolution – Managing the Unmanageable, which chronicles his journey through the chaos and creativity that have defined modern filmmaking. While Scott doesn’t sugarcoat the industry’s issues, he also sees glimmers of hope. He highlights the rise of global talent and a shift toward more authentic, filmmaker-driven storytelling. The conversation touches on the role of AI, the decline of theatrical experiences, and the urgent need for systemic change—while still holding onto t

Joshua Lastine, an entertainment lawyer, returns to the podcast to break down the rapidly changing legal and business landscape of the film industry. As AI tools reshape content creation, streaming platforms redefine distribution, and independent filmmakers leverage new technology, Joshua explains how contracts, intellectual property, and revenue models are evolving. He dives into the legal implications of AI in filmmaking, from WGA and SAG-AFTRA’s new protections to the ethical and financial risks of content licensing for AI training. He also discusses how major studios are adapting to these shifts and what it means for the future of traditional and independent production. The conversation highlights how cutting-edge technology is empowering low-budget filmmakers to create studio-quality content without massive resources. Joshua explores the impact of real-time rendering, virtual production, and AI-driven tools on independent filmmaking, making it easier than ever to produce high-end visuals on a fraction of

Oliver Markowski, Head of 3D at RISE, returns to the podcast to dive deep into the latest advancements in VFX technology. Since his last appearance, the industry has seen major shifts, and Oliver shares insights on how USD and MaterialX have evolved, shaping how studios exchange data and build pipelines. He discusses the adoption of USD across the industry, from major VFX houses to tech giants like NVIDIA and Apple, and the challenges of standardizing MaterialX for real-world production. Oliver also provides an update on RISE’s latest projects, including their work on Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, Megalopolis, and the highly anticipated Fallout series. A major focus of the conversation is the use of Gaussian Splats and how they are revolutionizing virtual production and 3D asset capture. Oliver explains how this technique has surpassed neural radiance fields (NeRFs) in efficiency, enabling real-time 3D reconstruction with remarkable accuracy. He explores its potential to replace traditional polygon-based wo

Eric Barba, Academy Award-winning VFX supervisor, returns to the podcast to discuss his latest work on Alien: Romulus, directed by Fede Álvarez, for which he is nominated for an Oscar in 2025. He shares the challenges of bringing the world of Alien to life, from balancing practical effects with cutting-edge VFX to ensuring the film stays true to Ridley Scott’s iconic franchise. Eric dives into the evolution of creature effects, how real-time technology is being used in production, and the meticulous process of creating photorealistic environments that blend seamlessly with on-set footage. Beyond Alien: Romulus, the conversation explores how VFX workflows are evolving, the increasing role of AI in production, and Eric’s thoughts on the future of the industry. He also reflects on his time at Digital Domain, leading teams on groundbreaking projects like The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (David Fincher), Tron: Legacy (Joseph Kosinski), and Oblivion (Joseph Kosinski). With behind-the-scenes insights and expert k

In the special 500th episode of the CG Garage podcast, Steve Preeg, one of the first-ever guests of the show, returns to reflect on a decade of change in the visual effects industry. An Academy Award-winning VFX supervisor known for his groundbreaking work on The Curious Case of Benjamin Button and TRON: Legacy, Steve shares how both the industry and his own career have evolved since his last appearance. He delves into advancements in digital humans, motion capture, and AI tools, providing insights into the shifting landscape of technology-driven storytelling and where it’s headed next. The conversation highlights Steve’s contributions to iconic films and the new challenges he faces as he explores innovations in real-time rendering and virtual production. As he reflects on the growth of the podcast and his long-standing friendship with Chris, Steve offers unique advice for aspiring artists navigating the rapidly changing VFX world. This milestone episode celebrates the evolution of both CG Garage and the art

Jake Maymudes, visual effects supervisor and CEO of Wylie Co., shares his experiences working on major projects like Dune: Part One, Dune: Part Two, and Alien: Romulus. Jake discusses the creative and technical challenges involved in creating the stunning visuals for these films, from complex simulations to photoreal environments. He also reflects on his journey through the visual effects industry, including early work at ILM and his collaborations with industry titans like Paul Lambert and Eric Barba, who he credits as key influences in his career. The conversation dives into the shifting landscape of visual effects, with Jake exploring the growing role of AI in workflows and its implications for artistry and production. He highlights Wylie Co.'s ability to adapt and thrive by handling diverse projects, from high-profile films to episodic content like The Last of Us. Packed with behind-the-scenes insights, Jake's reflections provide a fascinating glimpse into the evolving art and business of visual effects,

Todd Perry, a veteran visual effects supervisor with decades of experience in the industry, shares his journey from his early fascination with Star Wars to becoming a key figure in VFX. Todd discusses how he transitioned from experimenting with stop-motion and early computer graphics to landing his first major jobs at Imageworks and Weta, working on projects like The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. He reflects on pivotal moments in his career, including his work as a CG supervisor on blockbuster films like Age of Ultron, Doctor Strange, and Black Panther. Todd also reveals how he embraced the challenges of remote work early, setting the stage for a future in distributed filmmaking. The conversation dives into the evolution of VFX workflows, the integration of AI, and the balance between practical effects and digital artistry. Todd highlights his role in innovative projects like I’m a Virgo and his involvement in the Oscar-shortlisted live-action short film he recently produced and supervised. Packed with i